Sunday, 1 December 2013

Peru : Obras por Impuestos en el 2013

Las empresas más importantes del país participan hoy de un mecanismo en donde financian o ejecutan proyectos de infraestructura de la mano con los gobiernos regionales, provinciales y municipales.
Este mecanismo se llama Obras por Impuestos y se ejecuta a través de laAgencia de PromocióndelaInversiónPrivadaProinversión 
Al final, cuando la empresa entrega la obra, presenta un certificado al Ministeriode Economia y Finanzas MEF por el valor de la obra y ese certificado le sirve a la empresa para pagar su Impuesto a la Renta (IR).
Para las municipalidades y gobiernos regionales este procedimiento significa una suerte de crédito que le da el Estado con un año de gracia y para descontarlo en 10 años. Cuando la municipalidad canjee su certificado, el MEF se lo descontará.
Víctor Castillo, consultor de las Oficinas de Coordinación de Proinversión, explica que este mecanismo significa para la empresa adelantar su pago de Impuesto a la Renta, que luego canjeará con su certificado.
Esta ley se aplica para proyectos de infraestructura o que el componente mayor sea infraestructura y que no se aplique al gobierno nacional.
Si bien este mecanismo se creó en el 2008, a la fecha sólo existen 32 proyectos encaminados.
Según sostiene Humberto Speziani, presidente de la Confederación Nacional de Instituciones  Pricadas (Confiep) , que las empresas no se hayan mostrado muy interesadas en participar en Obras por Impuestos es porque existe demasiada burocracia para acceder a estos procesos.
"Hay interés pero encontramos trámites burocráticos que demoran. Hay que agilizarlas porque la ventaja que ofrece el privado es que puede desarrollar en menos tiempo las obras de infraestructura que el Estado y eso pasa también por el factor gestión", aseveró.
Según las bases de Obras por Impuestos el requisito principal es que el proyecto tiene que estar viabilizado dentro del Sistema Nacional de Inversión Pública (SNIP). Es decir, una traba menos.
Castillo agrega que tras las modificaciones hechas a la norma, en julio último, permite avizorar con cierto optimismo que van a entrar más empresas y más municipalidades para aplicar esta ley.
"Hay desinformación, es cierto, pero es de ambos lados, pero en estos días estamos elaborando un plan para el año 2013 que permitirá difundir más ampliamente esta norma", reconoce.
Entre las modificaciones destacan que el descuento a las municipalidades irá ya no contra el 80% de su canon anual, sino contra el 30%.
BENEFICIOS Y PROYECCIÓN
Los beneficios que tiene esta norma para los gobiernos subnacionales son el incremento de su presupuesto anual. El dinero lo pone primero la empresa, con lo que la municipalidad podrá hacer más obras con este incremento.
Un segundo beneficio es el ahorro de recursos, supervisión, materiales y de personal  porque el proyecto estará a cuenta y riesgo del privado.
Desde el 2010 a la fecha existen 11 proyectos totalmente culminados, y 21 proyectos en ejecución. Un total de 32 proyectos que están caminando por un monto total de S/.270 millones. En tanto que en el 2012 se han culminado cinco proyectos y convocado 15, que hicieron un total de 20 proyectos que han venido avanzando este año.
Para el 2013, Proinversión prevé más de 20 proyectos culminados con un compromiso total de S/.800 millones, la mayor parte de ellos en carreteras, pistas y veredas, así como en obras de saneamiento, agua y desagüe.  
Fuente: La Republica

Chinese-American helping homeless on the U.S.

In the United States the number of homeless people is falling.... but homelessness remains a big problem. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development says nearly 634,000 Americans are homeless. 21-percent of them are in California where one Chinese-American woman is trying to make a difference.
On the Northwestern California Coast of Humboldt county it’s safe to say, no one who works harder at feeding hungry souls than Betty Chinn. From her home, to her truck, to a network of church kitchens, Betty cooks, prepares and loads up more than a thousand meals a day. She delivers the food to the people she calls family. Some of the homeless here may be drug addicts, some mentally ill and some have just lost their way - it doesn’t matter to Betty. She calls on a man named Pony for help. Decades ago, Pony was convicted of having sex with a minor. That set into motion a cycle of prison, drugs and violence. When no one would help, Betty persistently used her clout to get him into transitional housing.
Betty goes directly to where the homeless live, looking for ways to help. We meet David Spears, a former Marine and Vietnam War Veteran with throat cancer. For him, living in a house or apartment is not in the realm of financial possibility.
But others do want out, like Sue and her son, Christopher. They fell on hard times when Sue’s husband was hospitalized after a stroke.
A person who’s been congratulated by rock stars and celebrities.[Picture of her with Bono and Billie Jean King] She’s also earned the respect and friendship of former California first Lady, Maria Shriver, and was awarded a Presidential Citizen’s medal by President Barack Obama. Betty says she has everything she’s ever dreamed of -- a loving family and a comfortable home and food - which is exactly why she can’t sit still.
Betty even travels by herself into areas and times of the night considered unsafe. She tells me in these woods, there are 175 homeless, among them 12 high school students she drives to school every morning.
Betty took carpenter Jeremy Hackney under her wing when he was homeless, unemployed and an alcoholic. Today, none of those labels apply. As a carpenter, perhaps it’s fitting that Jeremy’s latest work is part of a community effort that helped build and realize Betty’s dream -- the Betty Kwan Chinn Day Center. Inside this half-million dollar building donated by a businessman and renovated by supporters, Betty and a team will work to manage homeless cases, house the needy, run a kids program and of course, cook plenty of meals.
The center’s equipped with a computer lab to help homeless people gain computer literacy and to look for jobs and housing. And right over here, is the hire attire, where there’s a wardrobe with clothes that will not only keep people warm, but help them look professional for job interviews.
While the center marks an incredible milestone for a former homeless immigrant from China, on this day, Betty refuses to take the day off. Even before all the guests have gone, Betty has already slipped out the door and is soon on the streets again in her words, just being a mother who needs to make sure her family is fed.
Source: CCTV

Forgetting terms of Japanese surrender after World War II ?

CCTV has spoken to Dr Dan Plesch, from the Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy at the University of London. Dr. Plesch says the validity of the document is indisputable.
The complete document is stored in Britain’s archives, including the video, photos and detailed explanations. Plesch says the Declaration is an important agreement that led to the end of World War Two. He notes that it states the solution to territorial and border issues, and he says any defiant moves are "potentially highly destabilizing with respect to international order."
"It’s valid because it was part of formally part of the Japanese surrender agreement legally, and then subsequently reaffirm by Japanese and American governments. So this is quite clear legally even it is inconvenient to some western interests. For Japan to want to forget the Cairo Declaration On its territory is rather like Germany deciding it wants to forget about the border with Poland. If Germany did this in Europe. Would be unthinkable And will destabilize the whole Europe." said Dr. Dan Plesch.
Source: CCTV

Falling Prices, multiply bearish forecasts for Gold

November brought more bad news for believers in the eternal power of gold: the commodity saw its sharpest monthly price fall since June. This month's 6% drop makes 2013 a terrible year for gold, and is set to mark the end of a 13-year boom. Gold is heading for its first annual fall since 2000 after shedding a quarter of its value this year.
Things were so different in September 2011, when it hit a record price of $1,921 an ounce, a gain of more than 550% in just over a decade. Investors had piled in during the financial crisis: the price of gold traditionally rises when assets such as shares, bonds and cash are threatened.
Gold maintained its allure as central banks pumped money into their economies, raising fears of runaway inflation. But then the easing of fears for the eurozone, and signs of economic recovery in the US and other economies, steadied nerves.
There were few starker signs of the reversal of gold's fortunes than the news that Britain's second-biggest pawnbroker was melting down stock to raise money. As recently as 2011 the company went on a gold-fuelled expansion spree and declared "the age of the pawnbroker".
More famous players have also been caught out. The gold fund of John Paulson, the hedge fund manager who made billions betting against the US housing market, is down 63% this year.
The key to the fall is the improving US economy and the response of the Federal Reserve. Gold's troubles began when the Fed said it would ease off its bond purchase programme amid encouraging news on jobs and growth.
With less need to keep money tied up in gold, which pays no interest or dividend, the markets turned "risk-on": investors scrambled for new shares in Royal Mail and other flotations, and US shares are at all-time highs.
Georgette Boele at Dutch bank ABN Amro said: "The gold bubble has burst and … more of gold's previous supportive drivers are about to push the precious metal much lower. As such we expect additional large sell-offs."
In India, traditionally the world's biggest consumer of gold, the government has imposed punishing duty on gold purchases which has led to mass recycling of some of the 20,000 tonnes of gold stashed in Indian homes.
Consumers in China have been buying gold as they become more affluent. But Boele predicts that despite this, it will fall to $1,000 an ounce next year and $800 in 2015.
  Source: theguardian

WTO still better than any other int'l trade alternative: NZ trade minister

There are certain issues in trade policy that no regional trade agreement can deal with adequately and the World Trade Organization (WTO) is still better than any other international trade alternative, according to New Zealand Trade Minister Tim Groser.
For small countries in particular, the WTO's binding dispute settlement mechanism could level the playing field, and the WTO rules-based multilateral system was still relevant, Groser said in an exclusive interview with Xinhua.
With a record in international trade negotiations going back to 1979 and New Zealand's trade minister since 2008, Groser said the WTO's practice of consensus decision-making "is indeed a terrible system, but it is just better than any other alternative."
"The fact that there was no wholesale recourse to protectionist measures during the global financial crisis was in large part due to the restraining influence of WTO membership. Moreover, the fact that countries are still lining up to join it is evidence that membership is still seen as something of significant value," he said in the e-mail interview.
"And, to the extent that WTO members might be tempted to go down a protectionist path, there is incredible value in the binding commitments enshrined in the existing WTO rule set, combined with the huge body of jurisprudence built up on that basis over some 60 years."
The 9th WTO Ministerial Conference will be held from Tuesday to Friday in Bali, Indonesia.
Director-General of WTO Roberto Azevedo told the last General Council meeting in Geneva on Nov. 26, before the Bali conference, that the council is not going to Bali with a set of finalized documents that could allow the ministers to announce to the world a set of multilaterally agreed outcomes - the first since the WTO was created. "At this point in time we cannot tell the world that we've delivered."
According to Groser, negotiators were already working very hard in Geneva to achieve an agreement, which had a consensus among WTO members, as part of a "Bali package." The pact should cover trade facilitation, with elements of agriculture and development.
"A trade facilitation agreement would reduce the cost of trade through improving transparency and efficiency around border procedures," Groser said.
"Agriculture and development issues also need to be included in the Bali package because of their centrality to an eventual outcome to the broader Doha Development Agenda negotiations."
A successful outcome from Bali was important to avoid further erosion of the WTO's negotiating function, but this had to be achieved without "cherry picking" those issues easiest to resolve in a way that might undermine efforts to conclude the fuller Doha agenda.
"We cannot just abandon the existing mandate, forget the term ' Development Round' and start from scratch. After all the work that has been put into this negotiation, it would take years before parties would be prepared to sit down even to begin a formal discussion about a new mandate," said Groser.
While multilateral free trade areas (FTAs) such as the Trans Pacific Partnership and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership would influence thinking and practice at the global level, they were no substitute for the comprehensive global results that only the WTO could deliver.
"An important characteristic of many of these regional agreements is that they are collapsing previous bilateral FTAs, or trade agreements by other names such as 'closer economic partnership agreements,' into larger and larger agglomerations of trade and investment integration," said Groser.
"In the process, we are making progress in cleaning up the ' spaghetti in the bowl' thus addressing the concerns of those who are worried about the problems of complex and overlapping trade rules resulting from the proliferation of FTAs."
Commenting on China's performance, the minister said that the continuation of the WTO would have been untenable without the 2001 accession of China, which accounted for a huge share of global trade and had been a responsible and constructive member.
"I would expect it to play an increasingly prominent leadership role in the WTO in the years ahead commensurate with what I have no doubt will be China's continuing pivotal role in the global economy and global trade," he said.
Editor: Tang Danlu

Overcapacity poses major risk to China's economy

China's latest figures on industrial activities indicated that the world's second largest economy faced worsening overcapacity despite a slew of measures and repeated warnings from the leadership.
Analysts said overcapacity was posing a big, if not the biggest, threat to China's future development, and there was no quick fix. They suggested the country should try to eradicate the roots of industrial overcapacity from within the economic system through further reforms.
Chinese industrial businesses saw their profits rise 15.1 percent year on year in October, slowing from 18.4 percent in September, according to figures released on Thursday by the National Bureau of Statistics.
Total profits from main operations by industrial companies with annual revenues of more than 20 million yuan (3.26 million U.S. dollars) stood at 566.9 billion yuan in October, up 6 percent year on year, slowing from 7.5 percent in September.
Analysts said the two decelerations should be mainly attributed to the ever-growing inventory of industrial companies owing to the overcapacity.
The inventory of finished products among industrial companies in China was worth a total of 3.25 trillion yuan (529.6 billion U.S. dollars) by the end of October, an increase of 6.2 percent from a year ago. The inventory has risen for nine consecutive months since February.
According to Zhao Xiaoling, a Beijing-based macro economic analyst, the inventory of 959 manufacturing companies listed on the Chinese stock market was worth a record high of 1.14 trillion yuan by the end of the third quarter of 2013, a jump of 61 percent from the end of 2009.
"What's the principal contradiction for China's economy? I think it is overcapacity. Future reforms and structural adjustment should focus on this problem, or it will be hard to see results," said Wang Jian, secretary general of the China Society of Macroeconomics, quoted by Xinhua-run Economic Information Daily.
According to Wang, it is unclear whether the lasting problem of overcapacity will push China into an economic crisis, but the over-200-year history of capitalist countries showed that there was a natural relationship between overcapacity and economic crises.
The manufacturing-based Chinese economy began to suffer overcapacity after the outbreak of the global financial tsunami in 2008, which led to sluggish external demand.
China's over-reliance on investment and foreign trade had fueled rapid growth in some sectors before 2008, and when global demand plunged and domestic production costs rose, overcapacity surfaced along with falling profits.
Li Wei, director of the Development Research Center, an influential think-tank for China's State Council (cabinet), said the country's economic recovery is not solid enough because of serious structural problems and various risks, one of which was serious overcapacity and slow progress in alleviating it.
According to Li, of 3,545 enterprises surveyed recently by the Development Research Center, 71 percent of respondents defined China's overcapacity situation as "very serious" or "relatively serious."
The average utilization rate of production capacity of the 3,545 enterprises was at 72 percent, down 0.7 percentage points from a year ago. And 67.7 percent of respondents said their enterprises need more than three years to absorb the excessive production capacity.
An annual report by the Development Research Center had ranked overcapacity the first problem and risk for the Chinese economy, Li added.
Measures have been taken to tackle the problem as the leadership repeatedly warned against the consequences of worsening overcapacity.
President Xi Jinping urged in late July that tackling overcapacity should be prioritized, with more efforts to boost industrial restructuring.
Premier Li Keqiang has on many occasions vowed to curb blind expansion and improve capital efficiency, along with energy and resource use to restructure the economy.
In October, the State Council issued the Guideline to Tackle Serious Production Overcapacity which lists five primary sectors that have a serious problem -- cement, electrolytic aluminum, sheet glass, shipping and steel.
The guideline prescribed measures to battle overcapacity in the five sectors -- new projects are forbidden, projects under construction should be reappraised, illegal capacity should be cleared up, outmoded capacity should be eliminated in an orderly way and efforts should be made on standards and admittance.
A report by the State Information Center, another government think-tank, proposed strict enforcement of the guideline and more reforms to eliminate the root causes of overcapacity in the system.
It called for deepening reforms in the fiscal and taxation system, financial system, state-owned enterprises, environmental protection system and the pricing mechanism for resource products.  
Source: Xinhua

Concern Mounts in China's Air-Defense Zone

    According to a report from the Wall Street Journal,China responded on Thursday to growing international defiance of its new air-defense zone in the East China Sea both by sending advanced fighter jets to the area and trying to play down any threat of military retaliation—underlining the confusion and escalated tension over the territorial dispute.
The announcement by China's air force that it had sent fighters and an early-warning aircraft to patrol the zone came just a few hours after Japan and South Korea, following the U.S.'s lead, said their military aircraft had flown into the zone without notifying Beijing over the past few days, and would continue to do so.
The U.S. challenged the zone's credibility on Tuesday by sending in two B-52 bombers without informing Chinese authorities, who had warned when they declared the zone on Saturday that such incursions would be met with unspecified "defensive emergency measures."
The conflicting signals from Beijing highlight the challenge the Chinese leadership faces as it tries to contain the international fallout from its surprise decision to establish the zone, without appearing weak in front of an increasingly nationalistic domestic audience.
China's apparent easing of its original warning suggests its fighters will monitor and escort rather than repel U.S., Japanese and South Korean aircraft that violate the rules of the zone, which covers islands claimed by Beijing and Tokyo, said Chinese and foreign analysts. The spat over the uninhabited islands in the East China Sea—known as the Senkaku in Japan and Diaoyu in China—has escalated over the past year.
To maintain its credibility internationally and domestically, China is likely to increase such escorts, a move that in such a tense political climate greatly increases the risk of an aerial incident that could spiral into a military clash, analysts and diplomats said.
Defense and international-relations analysts and Western and Asian diplomats said the Chinese government was still sending conflicting signals over how it intends to enforce the zone, which overlaps with similar ones established by Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.
China's ambiguity may be a deliberate attempt to make the U.S. and its allies wary of continuing military flights into the zone without observing its regulations, the analysts and diplomats said. But it could also stem from poor planning and a failure to consult other countries or experts, they said.

UK PM Cameron taking initiative from populist policy proposal by Labour Leader

 Prime Minister David Cameron promised on Sunday to cut rising energy costs, seeking to regain the initiative from the Labour Party that has pledged to freeze bills if it wins the next election in 2015.

Cameron said his government would set out measures to cut bills by an average of 50 pounds ($81.90) a year in an economic update on Thursday which the Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne said he would use to carry on reducing Britain's budget deficit, even as the economy recovers.
The soaring cost of household energy has dominated political debate in Britain since Labour leader Ed Miliband said in September that his party would freeze bills for 20 months if it wins power.
Source:  Reuters

Sunday is the 70th anniversary of the release of the Cairo Declaration.All territories occupied by Japan before and during World War Two must be returned.

Sunday is the 70th anniversary of the release of the Cairo Declaration. The document, which was signed in 1943 by China, the US and the UK, called for the unconditional surrender of Japan, and the return of all its occupied territories. China says the document is highly significant, as the territories include the Diaoyu Islands, which are part of a long running territorial dispute with Japan.
The Cairo Declaration states all territories occupied by Japan before and during World War Two must be returned.
That includes land taken from China, specifically Northeast China, Taiwan and the Pescadores Island chain.
The Pescadores includes the Diaoyu Islands.
But there are also other international documents that endorse China’s legal rights.
"In August of 1945, the Emperor at the time, on behalf of the Japanese government, accepted the Potsdam Declaration, which states Japan shall enforce the Cairo Declaration. It means Japanese territories will be limited to the four large islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, and some other islets that international community accepts. Japan later issued the Instrument of Surrender, which also said Japan would enforce the Potsdam Declaration." said Liu Jiangyong, Vice Dean, Inst. of Modern Int;l Relations , Tsinghua Univ.
However, in 1951, some allied powers signed the Treaty of San Francisco with Japan, which muddied the waters.
This year, Japan designated the anniversary of that Treaty as "Sovereignty Recovery Day".
Analysts see the move as part of Japan’s nationalist campaign, and say Tokyo is trying to elevate the status of the San Francisco Treaty.
China has repeatedly asked Japan to respect both the Cairo Declaration, as well as the Potsdam Declaration. The Chinese government has firmly resolved to defend the country’s sovereignty.

British PM to visit China Monday

British Prime Minister David Cameron will pay an official visit to China from December 2 to December 4.
The Chinese ambassador to the UK Liu Xiaoming, said Cameron will lead the largest British delegation to China, including several ministers and over 150 business leaders. Cameron will meet Chinese leaders, including Premier Li Keqiang. He will also visit cities in the east and west to get better understanding of the country.
Cameron’s visit will be his first since China’s new leadership took office, his last was in 2010. This will also be the highest level contact between the two countries in two years.
Liu Xiaoming said China and the UK should seize new opportunities to further boost their relations.
Source: CCTV

Xinhua Insight: Aging China wants fairer, efficient social insurance

Wang Hong, a 31-year-old woman and stay-at-home mother in South China's Haikou City, is worried about her future pension as she stopped paying social insurance four years ago.
After paying the insurance for five years while at work, Wang quit her hotel job to look after her child. With her child now 3 years old, Wang Hong, not her real name, is looking for a new job. But she is hesitant about paying the insurance she has missed for the past four years.
"I don't know what will happen to my money in a social insurance account with possible inflation and other risks. It feels safer to keep it in my own pocket," she said.
In China, 38 million people stopped paying social insurance this year, either before or after reaching the pension-receiving threshold of 15 years.
Laid-off workers, employees in cash-strapped small companies and migrant workers are the majority of those who have stopped paying the insurance halfway through, according to Cui Peng, a research fellow with People's Insurance Company of China.
Social insurance funds cover basic endowment for senior citizens, basic medicare, unemployment, work-related injury and maternity.
The spending of endowment insurance funds, a key part of social insurance, grew 22 percent in 2012 year on year, while its revenue increased by 19 percent, according to the Ministry of Finance last week. This poses challenges for future pension payments.
According to the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, at the end of 2012 about 210 million urban employees paid endowment insurance.
Endowment insurance is paid by staff and the company, 8 percent and 20 percent of his or her wage respectively.
The money from companies is used to meet current pension demands while personal payments are accumulated for his or her own future pension after retirement.
However, as China's population ages, personal payments are often used to supplement growing current pension demands.
According to a research report by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, by the end of 2011, more than 2 trillion yuan in the personal pension account was transferred to pay retirees.
Since 2011, pilot trials in northern China's Liaoning, Heilongjiang and 11 other provinces have been set up to ensure the personal pension account is untapped. However, little progress has been made due to fiscal problems.
Debate over changing the retirement age, complaints over differentiated insurance policies for government and non-government employees and doubts about the amount in the pension pot have all influenced people to stop paying social insurance halfway through.
A post on a forum on SZnews.com claiming a personal monthly deposit of 500 yuan in a bank would pay better than paying social insurance went viral in early November. It caused public anxiety.
"After thirty years of monthly deposits of 500 yuan, one would receive about 3,400 yuan per month with interest. Why is it necessary to bother the country for our pension?" netizen Wangbufuzhao said in the post.
However, the picture is not that rosy, said Ye Tan, a commentator on economics, citing that inflation, economic cycle fluctuation and other risks may compromise a stable and reassuring post-retirement life.
"The pension system designed by government in theory can provide basic old age care, but current policies' lack of fairness and efficiency has dampened public confidence," Ye said.
"It is impossible to solely rely on the insurance payment of companies and staff to pay all pensions," said Tang Jun, Secretary of Social Policies Research Center with Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
China has the largest senior population in the world, with 194 million people at or above the age of 60 at the end of last year, according to the China National Committee on Aging.
This age group is expected to grow to 243 million by 2020 and by 2050, one third of the population will be aged over 60.
With an aging society, fewer people are paying social insurance while more people are taking a pension. A government fiscal subsidy and a state-owned capital supplement should be in place to support pension payments, Tang said.
The recently concluded key Communist Party of China meeting proposed to lower the social insurance premium rate and transfer a certain amount of state capital to support social insurance funds.
"As is the case in developed countries, the public should pay a certain amount of income-based insurance and all receive a similar amount as a basic pension, while those who pay more can get more in supplement," Tang said. "The social insurance system should balance fairness and efficiency to motivate and reassure the public.
Source: Xinhua

China urges India not to complicate border issue

China urged India on Saturday to refrain from moves that complicates boundary issues and work with China to create conditions for talks.
Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang made the comment when asked about Indian President Pranab Mukherjee's visit to the so-called "Arunachal Pradesh" from Nov. 29 to 30.
China's stance on the disputed area on the eastern part of the China-India border is consistent and clear, Qin said.
Bilateral ties have maintained a sound momentum for growth and both sides are trying to settle the border issue through the special representative mechanism and friendly consultations, Qin said.
"We hope India can work with China to protect the overall relationship, preserve peace and tranquility on the border," the spokesman said.
The so-called "Arunachal Pradesh" was established largely on the three areas of China's Tibet -- Monyul, Loyul and Lower Tsayul currently under Indian illegal occupation. These three areas, located between the illegal "Mcmahon Line" and the traditional customary boundary between China and India, have always been Chinese territory.
In 1914, the colonialists secretly contrived the illegal "Mcmahon Line" in an attempt to incorporate into India the above-mentioned three areas of Chinese territory. None of the successive Chinese governments have ever recognized this line.
In February 1987, Indian authorities declared the founding of the so-called "Arunachal Pradesh."
China and India established a special representative mechanism in 2003 as an important platform for solving border disputes. They held their 16th round of talks in June.
A border defense cooperation agreement was signed during Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's official visit to China in October, reflecting the will and resolution of both sides for a friendly and cooperative relationship.
The agreement is built on previous agreements signed in 1993, 1996 and 2005 that recognize the principle of mutual and equal security.

Source: Xinhua

China's manufacturing growth remains flat in November

   China's purchasing managers' index (PMI) for the manufacturing sector remained flat at 51.4 percent in November, according to new data released Sunday.
The figure was the same as October, data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing showed.
Manufacturing PMI has stablized after rising for four consecutive months, showing a steady upward trend in manufacturing. A figure above 50 percent signals expansion.
Zhao Qinghe, a senior NBS statistician, attributed the strong PMI to expanding production, and confidence boosted by government measures to stabilize growth and restructure the economy, as well as large-scale enterprises' active performance.
The sub-index for production rose for a fifth month to 54.5 percent, up 0.1 percentage points from October.
As production picked up, companies also bought more raw materials, driving the sub-index for materials up 0.9 percentage points to 53.6.
Zhang Liqun, a researcher with the Development Research Center of the State Council, also said the November figure confirmed the stabilizing trend of the country's economic growth.
China's gross domestic product (GDP) expanded by 7.7 percent in the first nine months, which is higher than the government's full-year target of 7.5 percent. GDP growth in the third quarter accelerated to 7.8 percent from 7.5 percent in the second, NBS data showed.
The new PMI figure was higher than that of HSBC's flash PMI for last month, which declined to 50.4 from 50.9 on weaker new orders.
"Judging from the situations of investment, export and consumption, the economy has stabilized with steady growth," Zhang said.
But experts also pointed out that the foundation for future stable growth needs to be further consolidated.
"Although the manufacturing PMI has stablized after it rose for a fourth month, forces that drove up the index were not balanced and the foundation not solid enough, as sub-indices other than production were relatively weak," according to Zhao Qinghe.
The NBS sub-index for raw material inventories was 47.8 percent, dropping by 0.8 percentage points compared with last month and small businesses fell for a fourth month, both of which are still under 50 percent.
"The falling raw material inventory showed lukewarm market demand, and Chinese manufacturers remained cautious about future market prospects," said Liu Ligang, chief Greater China economist at ANZ Banking Group.
The sub-index for new orders dropped 0.2 percentage points to 52.3 percent, widening the gap to 2.2 percentage points with that of production, showing imbalanced supply and demand.
Meanwhile, the figures pointed to the hardship of small Chinese companies.
A breakdown by company size shows that PMI for large enterprises rose to 52.4 percent in November, PMI for medium-sized firms remained flat at 50.2 percent, while that for small manufacturers fell for the fourth month to 48.3 percent.
Although the recently released reform agenda boosted market sentiment, continued tight capital liquidity may dampen market confidence for further investment, Liu said.
Chang Jian, economist with Barclays, believed there will be a softening momentum for economic growth in the fourth quarter of the year, partly due to the drop of indices for new orders.
"Rather than bottoming out, we look for slower growth in the coming quarters," according to Chang.
She forecast economic growth to slow to 7.2 percent in 2014 from a possible 7.7 percent this year.
Source: Xinhua

NASA uses F/A-18 to test Space Launch System

Earlier this month, NASA carried out tests on a new flight system for the Space Launch System (SLS), the heavy lifting rocket that will send the manned Orion spacecraft into deep space. What was unusual about this is that instead of using a rocket for the tests, the space agency used an F/A-18 Hornet fighter jet as a stand in as a way to carry out more tests at lower costs.
Space launches aren't a matter of lighting the blue touch paper and running. Once off the launch pad the rocket still has to deal with winds, air density, variables in system performance, and other factors. Until now, the strategy for handling these has been to program the flight systems with predictions and a set of predetermined responses. It works, but it has its limitations and can often result in delays when the unexpected happens.
NASA's answer for the SLS is the Adaptive Augmenting Controller. This analyzes flight data in real time and reacts to changes in the environment and the vehicle. The tricky bit is testing the system. Normally, this would be done using sounding rockets, but this can be expensive because each test is a one off where the vehicle is lost and a malfunction can make the test a write off. By using an F/A-18 research jet, NASA can simulate various flight conditions in a single flight and an error simply means starting over.
More than 40 tests were conducted at the Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, California with the Hornet using SLS-like trajectories. These involved the fighter flying for up to 70 seconds in various trajectories designed to match those of the SLS from lift off to booster separation, while simulating sloshing propellants and other problems.
"The F/A-18 has a combination of performance and robustness that allows us to fly experiments that would break other kinds of airplanes," says Curt Hanson, Dryden's principal investigator for the experiment. "The airplane can also fly for a much longer period of time than a sounding rocket, so we can conduct a series of tests back-to-back, making small changes between each one to compare the results. If anything goes wrong, the pilot can turn the experiment off and fly the airplane back to base."
According to NASA, the tests will continue until the end of the year.
Source: NASA

New high-speed railway starts operation in north China

A new high-speed railway that connects the two northern port cities of Tianjin and Qinhuangdao was put into operation on Sunday, railway authorities said.
The railway line extends 287 km and runs through 14 districts and counties in north China's Hebei Province and Tianjin Municipality, with speeds of up to 350 km per hour, according to the Beijing Railway Bureau.
The maximum speed will be set at 300 km per hour during the initial stage.
The whole journey with nine stops takes one hour and 35 minutes. The fastest travel time between Tianjin West and Qinhuangdao, with fewer stops, will be one hour and 11 minutes, almost half of the previous time.
Construction of the rail line started on Nov. 8, 2008 and testing began in November 2013.
The Tianjin-Qinghuangdao railway marks that high-speed railway lines in China's northeastern provinces have been linked with the country's high-speed rail network.
It also cuts the travel time for passengers traveling between south or east of the country and northeast China provinces.
Up till now, China has 34 high-speed rail lines with the length accounting for one tenth of the country's total railway operation mileage.
Source: Xinhua

Aardvark Founder Max Ventilla Is Trying To Turn Education On Its Head With AltSchool

   An alternative for public school system,AltSchool.
 The school  teach exactly what  children need: learning based on the specific child's needs and challenges rather than a rigid curriculum based on standardized test results.
   AltSchool is the brainchild of Aardvark founder and longtime Google executive Max Ventilla. Ventilla, whose social search company was sold to Google in 2011, previously worked on the Google+ team, and was one of the search giant's early proponents of social search and personalization. He sold another tech startup in enterprise software before his long tenure at Google (he worked at Google before Aardvark, as well). Earlier this year, he started thinking about his next startup and what area he'd like to focus on.
Education was at the top of his mind, as he has a two-year-old daughter about to enter pre-school, and a son on the way. And he saw education as an area where he could have a huge impact.
“One of top five industries in the U.S. by expenditure is elementary education, and as opposed to other large industries, the median experience is bad from every angle,” he explains. The dysfunction and relative slow-to-change nature of the educational system is one of his biggest frustrations. The cost of education is increasing, he adds, but that isn't translating into children excelling more effectively at skills like reading and math.
“If a time traveler came back from the early 1900′s, and looked at schools, they would look relatively the same. And there's something wrong with that, because children and our world have changed.”
He started researching where success was actually taking place at a broader scale in schools, in early education. What ties these schools together is the notion of child centeredness, he says, which is providing individualized education where the student learns at his or her own pace in ways most nurture them and their education.
If a time traveler came back from the early 1900s and looked at schools, they would look relatively the same.
With this in mind, Ventilla decided that he wanted to build a school that approaches education and learning through a lens of things the children are most passionate about. “I believe the right way to teach a person is not as a subject but through an immersion,” he continues. An example of this is if you are teaching children about aquatic life, you can incorporate the subject to teach chemistry, ecology, economics, politics and even culture.
The more he imagined what his vision would look like in reality, the more it sounded like a home school environment but with a larger group, skilled teachers, and a curriculum that focused on exposing children to experiences, as well as skill-building.
Armed with this goal, Ventilla left Google in April and raised $3 million from First Round Capital, Harrison Metal, Baseline and a few other investors who had backed him during the Aardvark days. He hired teachers, operators who worked with him at Aardvark, and brought on Richard Ludlow, the founder of Academic Earth, as his COO. Ludlow's online education video site, which was calleda"Hulu for Education"  and was a Bill Gates favorite, waseventuallyacquiredlast year by Ampush Media.
Ventilla found space in Dogpatch for his micro-school, hired a bunch of former Google engineers and set upon redesigning the entire school experience in the spring and summer of this year. One of the first distinctive characteristics of Ventilla's AltSchool is that there is no such thing as a child "at grade level."
As he explains, most students vary in skill level in subjects like math, reading, science, art, physical education and social studies, and “grades” are confining. Like Alice's children, most children learn at different levels, so they need specialized attention.
In this inaugural class, there are around 20 students between the ages of five and 10. They are split into two main learning groups, with the 5-7 year olds, and the 8-10 year old populating each group. There are generally eight students to one teacher but for some activities the entire group learns together. The actual building has one large room that is sectioned off into areas for play and learning.
AltSchool teachers create highly personalized curriculum each week, called Playlists, which are a set of 10 or so goals and projects that the student has to complete for the week. Each child is given an iPad mini, where they can access their playlists through project management softwareTrello. Each weekend, AltSchool teachers plan their playlists for each of their students based on what that student's personalized curriculum and goals are for the week. Projects could range from making a list of what you are thankful for for Thanksgiving to reading a book.
Another area where Ventilla is hoping to disrupt traditional education is video. The classroom is outfitted with a number of video cameras so that teachers can just press a button to document a moment. Ventilla says that teachers, parents and students who have been able to actually watch a breakthrough moment or a moment of breakdown have been able to help their children learn better. ”You can see what works for specific children, and what doesn't work,” he tells me. The technology is pretty impressive. AltSchool has built audio hardware to better record in noisy settings, and video is uploaded to an online CMS that both parents and teachers can access.
Unsurprisingly technology is the central foundation of education and planning at the AltSchool. Ventilla has brought on a team of technologists, designers and engineers who are developing tools and formatting existing ones to support teachers, parents, and students. He envisions this base of talent as building an R&D shop for what works in his micro-schools.
In addition, AltSchool students are using Learn Zillion on their iPad minis to learn math skills, as well as an internal SMS where parents and teachers can access children's work, progress, videos and more. Plus, parents and teachers can collaborate through this dashboard on students' weekly playlists.
In fact, Ventilla is hoping to build some proprietary software of his own to use within the school. His vision is to have a hundred engineers and designers working on developing better technology products for in-class learning.
AltSchool also embraces a "school without walls" approach. Classes regularly venture outside the classroom to take advantage of the amazing cultural experiences available in San Francisco, often leveraging Uber SUVs for easy quick trips.
Recent field trips include Smitten Ice Cream, which inspired a study of the applied physics of their innovative quick freeze process using liquid nitrogen; Mission Science Workshop, to engage in hands-on chemistry lessons; Walt Disney Family Museum, to study animated filmmaking; San Francisco Maritime Museum, as children explored life before modern transportation and communication; and Good Eggs (founded by Aardvark co-founder Rob Spiro) to learn about sustainable farming, healthy eating and environmental awareness.
Looking to the future, Ventilla is building out a network of micro-schools, which will be modernized versions of the "one room schoolhouse" housing 60-100 students each.­ Continuing the theme of customization, elements of each micro-school – such as electives offered, foreign language instruction, academic calendar, and even locations – will be customized for the interests and needs of local communities of parents.
Next year, AltSchool will open up another school in the Potrero Hill area, and a middle school (for older children) in SOMA. The startup is also looking at a possible Palo Alto location based on demand. Tuition isn't cheap–it's $19,100 per year (which is lower than many private schools in the area) but Ventilla says generous financial assistance is available. “We don't believe that classes should be comprised of the elite who can afford it,” says Ventilla.
Ventilla has much larger ambitions of taking AltSchool nationwide, or even outside of the U.S. And he says, this is definitely his last startup. And he looks forward to his children attending AltSchool for their primary education.

Source: techcrunch

Saturday, 30 November 2013

IPR infringement and counterfeiting in China

Chang'e-3 mission to use cutting-edge deep space tracking

The Chang’e-3 lunar probe will be the country’s first attempt at a soft landing on any extra terrestrial surface and the first moon landing by any country in almost 40 years.
The extreme distances present new challenges for the mission control team, who must remotely manouver both the probe and the lunar rover to a high level of accuracy. Our reporter Han Bin has been granted special access to the command center, where it’s all taking place.
“This is the Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center. It’s the headquarters of the tracking and control system for the lunar probing satellite—the Chang’e 3. Moments after launch all of the monitoring and command orders will be made from here, making this site the project’s nerve center. ”
Going into the heart of China’s space program.
Or some might say, the brain.
Wu Fenglei, Deputy Director of the system design department, explains why the tracking and control system is key to the lunar project.
This command hall decides the fate of Chang’e 3. Numerous simulations are run again and again...
"We need to rehearse the whole process, and do extra practice for some crucial stages, like the braking, landing and separation of the Lander and moon rover." Wu Fenglei said.
The Chang’e 3 will involve China’s first use of an X-band Observation System in the soft landing and for the moon rover. China has built two giant antennas for that specific task.
There’s also the unified S-band observation system or USB and the very long baseline interferometry, or VLBI. Simply put, they’re used to track the distance and the angle position of the satellite for orbit determination.
"Through receiving the data from the rover, we know its working conditions, and we also send orders to control its function, through the image data it sends back to us. So, it’s a two-way communications." Xi Luhua, Senior Engineer of Beijing Aerospace Control and Command Center said.
Senior Engineer Xi Luhua has worked on all three Chang’e projects. She says this first moon rover provides both a challenge and an inspiration in deep space tracking and control.
This state-of-the-art Command and Control Center has witnessed all of China’s space progress, including the Shenzhou manned space missions, and the previous two lunar probes. This is the place where scientists and engineers collect data, monitor signals and make crucial decisions at each stage. And it’s here that China will write another page of aviation history with the launch of the Chang’e-3.
Source: CCTV

Senior advisor explains key details of Chang'e 3, China's next lunar mission

The Chang’e 3 mission is the latest step in China’s ambitious space program. It is set to carry out some tasks that so far haven’t been done by any other country in the world.
Our reporter Ai Yang sat down for an exclusive interview with Ouyang Ziyuan. The 78-year-old is the senior advisor of China’s lunar probe project, and is sometimes referred to as the father of Chang’e missions.
"It’s very difficult to soft land on the moon because there’s no atmosphere. A soft landing must ensure all equipment is safe on board the lander and the rover. Previously the US and the former Soviet Union both achieved this, but it was by either just a lander or just a rover. China will be the first country to land a rover AND a lander on the moon at the same time. The lander will start working immediately after landing, by observing space using an optical telescope. So this will be a combined exploration of the moon by the lander and the rover. The lander has boosters, which allow it to remain hovering at about 100 meters above the lunar surface. Then using special cameras it will look for a flat place to land on. Then when it’s about four meters above ground, its engine will stop. The lander’s four legs are shockproof and will ensure a soft landing." Ouyang Ziyuan said.
|"The Chang’e 3 mission will achieve three "firsts". Number one: space observation from the moon. This is the dream of many astronomers because atmosphere, wind, snow and pollution don’t obstruct visibility as they do on earth. The result is also better because of the longer periods of uninterrupted observation from the moon due to it orbiting the earth. One day of observation on the moon is equivalent to 14 days on earth. Number two: we have an ultraviolet camera on the lander to monitor the earth. This camera is different from the one used by America’s Apollo 16. Ours can see the formation of the earth’s plasmasphere and its density change. It’s better than a satellite, which can only record data section by section as it orbits around the earth. On the moon it can observe half of earth at a time without moving. This is something people have always wanted to do. Number three: we will be the first to learn the structure and layers of the moon 100 meters below its surface with radars installed at the bottom of the rover. As the rover drives on the lunar surface, it will be as it can cut and see what’s 100 meters below. These three highlights are what no other countries have done so far." Ouyang Ziyuan said.
"The human knowledge of the moon is largely derived from samples brought back to earth by Apollo 16. In 1978, US president Jimmy Carter gifted us one gram of their samples and we did lots of research using just half of that gram. Our Chang’e 5 will also return with samples. I believe within 2 to 3 years we will be able to carry out very systematic and accurate research with the samples. For now, one tough test the Chang’e 3 mission must pass is withstanding extreme cold conditions. The rover’s wings collect solar energy during the day, which allow it to function. But at night none of the equipment works, because the temperature drops as low as minus 180 degree celcius. Electronic devices are damaged if they’re colder than minus 40 degrees, so we will use atomic energy storage batteries to heat them up at night and keep them operational. The batteries have to be able to work for long periods at a time, as one night on the moon lasts two full weeks on earth. " Ouyang Ziyuan said.
Source:  CCTV

Chinese Foreign Ministry: Japan trying to stir up trouble

Japan says it will raise the issue of China’s Air Defense Identification Zone during the Japan-ASEAN special summit, which will be held in December in Tokyo. It plans to ask ASEAN countries to take the same stance as Japan does. China’s Foreign Ministry has responded to the news.
"We have repeatedly made our position clear on the issue of the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone. We would like to ask Japan to explain to other countries whether it has an ADIZ or not. When Japan first set up its ADIZ and later on expanded its ADIZ several times, it never consulted with other countries. And look at the size of Japan’s ADIZ. Japan doesn’t want to allow others to do what itself has been doing. And it’s trying to stir up trouble. This approach is senseless and speaks of Japan’s ulterior motives." said Qin Gang, Spokesman, Chinese Foreign Ministry.
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe says Japan is seriously concerned about China’s air defense zone. Abe met officials of the Liberal Democratic Party at his residence and accepted their written proposal asking China to "retract the decision." Abe says he will seek backing from neighboring countries and international institutions. Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida said he will discuss the issue with US Vice President Joe Biden next week. Japan sent out aircraft last Saturday to monitor China’s surveillance planes. On Thursday, Japan’s self-defense forces dispatched more aircraft into the air defense identification zone. Japan set up a similar zone in 1969. It includes China's Diaoyu Islands.
Source: CCTV

Chinese jets monitor US & Japan planes in China’s ADIZ

China’s Air Force says it detected and identified US and Japanese planes entering the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone on Friday. The Air Force responded by scrambling fighter jets to monitor the aircraft. Also, in a slight change from its initial response, the Obama administration has advised the country’s civilian carriers to comply with the rules of the new air defense identification zone.
Chinese fighter jets scrambled from their bases. Friday saw similar action as Chinese jets flew into the Air Defense Identification zone to monitor activity by Japanese and US planes.
Two US spy planes and ten Japanese flights entered the newly established Zone. China’s Air Force spokesman Shen Jinke said, that Chinese fighter jets were scrambled to verify these foreign aircrafts and monitored them throughout their path in the air zone. Shen also informed that the Chinese Air Force is maintaining a status of "high alert", and will take measures to deal with any threat to China’s airspace.
Meanwhile, China’s Foreign Ministry also said on Friday that Japan’s objection and concern to China’s ADIZ is senseless, and is only to stir up trouble.
"We have repeatedly made our position clear on the issue of the East China Sea air defense identification zone. We would like to ask Japan to explain to other countries whether it has an ADIZ or not. When Japan first set up its ADIZ and later on expanded its ADIZ several times, it never consulted with other countries. And look at the size of Japan’s ADIZ. Japan doesn’t want to allow others to do what itself has been doing." said Qin Gang, Spokesman, Chinese Foreign Ministry.
Responding to Friday’s incident, Japan’s Defence Minister Itsunori Onodera said on Saturday that Tokyo has made no changes in the nation’s sense of alertness.
"In any event, including what happened yesterday in regard to the regulations for the air defence identification zone we have no reason to believe that there has been any great change to procedures as they have stood until now." said Itsunori Onodera, Japan Defense Minister.
Meanwhile, Washington has suggested US commercial flights follow the rules of China’s air defense identification zone. The US State Department said on its website that "The US government generally expects carriers operate consistent with foreign country’s air notice requirements." But it also said the advice does not indicate the US government’s acceptance of the new air zone.
U.S. Vice President Joe Biden is visiting China, Japan and South Korea next week, and the issue of the new air defense identification zone is expected to feature prominently during the visit.
China announced its Air Defense Identification Zone last week.
Source: CCTV

US airlines notify China of flight plans

In response to US government advice, two of the biggest US airlines, American and Delta, have notified Chinese authorities of flight plans when travelling through the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone.
A spokesman for Delta Airlines said on Saturday it has been complying with the Chinese requests for flight plans for the past week. American Airlines said it was also complying, but declined to say for how long it had done so.
Source: CCTV

Toyota Debuts Driver Awareness Research Vehicle at Los Angeles Auto

“At Toyota, our focus is not only on protecting people in case of an accident, but also on preventing that accident from happening in the first place,” said Chuck Gulash, Director of Toyota’s Collaborative Safety Research Center (CSRC).  “While the auto industry will never eliminate every potential driver distraction, we can develop new ways to keep driver attention and awareness where it needs to be – on the road ahead.”

Gulash discussed three specific safety research initiatives aimed at better leveraging vehicle design and interaction to help drivers keep their eyes on the road, hands on the wheel and brain engaged and aware.  These included Toyota’s DAR-V new-concept research vehicle and the funding of two university research programs.

Research Vehicle Helps Reduce Potential Distractions Before Driving
“Cars have become an interaction of multiple screens.  Initially, there was the windscreen, and rear window and the rear and side-view mirrors,” said Gulash. “We now have multiple gauge clusters, large information screens and heads-up displays all feeding us information and competing for our attention.”

The DAR-V was developed in partnership with Microsoft Research to help reduce driver distractions before the key is even in the ignition.  Utilizing Microsoft technologies such as Kinect, the interactive systems integrated into the design of the vehicle display important, highly personalized information on the side window when the driver approaches the car.

Using a combination of gesture control, voice and the key fob, drivers can navigate information such as updates on traffic and the weather, appointments and schedules for the day ahead, and even route details that might include a gas station if the vehicle is low on fuel.  By addressing these critical daily priorities before even setting foot in the vehicle, a driver potentially has more mental bandwidth to focus on driving.

“We need to start thinking of the car and the driver as teammates, sharing the common goal of saving lives,” said Gulash.  “The best teammates learn from each other.  They watch, listen and remember.  They adapt.  They communicate.  And they assist, as needed.  In doing so, over time, a foundation of trust is built.  Together, the teammates are building a common situational awareness of their driving environment.”  

Because the DAR-V system can recognize and differentiate between individuals, the system might also be used to reduce driver distractions in other ways.  For example, children might play “games” designed to help them buckle their seatbelts quickly, easing the stress on parents and helping them focus more of their attention on the road.

MIT AgeLab Observes the Human Factors of Voice Command
  Chuck Gulash,
Director of Toyota’s Collaborative Safety Research Center (CSRC) discussed a study undertaken at MIT’s AgeLab which Toyota helped to fund. These results were published in a white paper authored by Dr. Bryan Reimer and Bruce Mehler,  of MIT, whose purpose was expand understanding of the human factors of voice command.

Researchers found that the mental demands on drivers while using voice command were actually lower than expected, potentially because drivers compensate by slowing down, changing lanes less frequently or increasing the distance to other vehicles.  However, in a number of the voice interactions studied, the amount of time drivers took their eyes off the road during voice command tasks was greater than expected. The situation is often more pronounced among older drivers, some of whom were found to physically orient their bodies towards the voice command system’s graphical interface when engaging with it.

Stanford Autonomous Driving Human Factors
This idea of building trust by sharing tasks is being taken to a new level with a collaborative project between the CSRC and the Stanford University.

Using one of the most advanced driving simulators in the country, researchers are studying how drivers interact with new automated safety technologies that are increasingly capable of taking over responsibility for driving the car.  The system combines EEG sensors to track brain activity, skin sensors to measure emotional arousal and eye-tracking headgear to follow directional glances.  The system can perfectly align what’s happening inside the car, what’s happening outside the car and what‘s happening inside the driver’s brain.

The simulator is unique in its ability to instantly shift from fully automated control to driver in full control to mixed control. The research will help inform design improvements to automated systems that will improve how they work in partnership with the driver to improve safety for everyone.

For example, the project will help to understand how a driver responds to a sudden “takeover now!” alert compared to less aggressive commands or explanations. Other issues include studies of how driver abilities are affected by prolonged periods in fully automated mode, including potential reduction in reaction times or situational awareness.

“These are questions that need to be answered”, Gulash concluded, “not only to help build a product.  But also, to build a foundation of understanding and guidelines for how we proceed with further research into the human factors of automated vehicles.”

Source: Toyota

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